Methylation of cytosines in DNA is a crucial epigenetic modification that regulate expression of many genes. Chemically, it is the addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of cytosine (C).
The
mutate_bases program in 3DNA v2.x performs
in silico base mutations given a nucleic acid structure in PDB format. It is not a problem to mutate any C to a 5-methylcytosine (5CM) provided that users set a 5CM in its standard base reference frame. Given the importance of 5CM in epigenetics and the increasing simulation studies to understand its effects, I have included
Atomic_5CM.pdb in the 3DNA v2.1 distribution as of 2012oct26.
According to PDB, the three-letter nucleotide name for 5-methylcytosine is
5CM instead of 5MC -- see for example PDB entries
4mht and
2uz4. The methyl carbon is named
" C5A" instead of
" C5M" or
" C7 ". Thus, the content of the
Atomic_5CM.pdb file is:
REMARK 3DNA by Dr. Xiang-Jun Lu [2012-10-26] (xiangjun@x3dna.org)
ATOM 1 C1' 5CM A 1 -2.477 5.402 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 2 N1 5CM A 1 -1.285 4.542 0.000 1.00 0.00 N
ATOM 3 C2 5CM A 1 -1.472 3.158 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 4 O2 5CM A 1 -2.628 2.709 0.001 1.00 0.00 O
ATOM 5 N3 5CM A 1 -0.391 2.344 0.000 1.00 0.00 N
ATOM 6 C4 5CM A 1 0.837 2.868 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 7 N4 5CM A 1 1.875 2.027 0.001 1.00 0.00 N
ATOM 8 C5 5CM A 1 1.056 4.275 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 9 C5A 5CM A 1 2.466 4.961 0.001 1.00 0.00 C
ATOM 10 C6 5CM A 1 -0.023 5.068 0.000 1.00 0.00 C
END
With this new addition, it is now very straightforward to mutate Cs to 5CMs with
mutate_bases, as illustrated by the following two examples:
- Mutate C1 on chain A and C23 on chain B of the Dickerson B-DNA dodecamer (PDB entry 355d) to 5CMs:
mutate_bases 'chain=A snum=1 m=5CM; chain=B snum=23 m=5CM' 355d.pdb 355d_AC1BC23_5CM.pdb
- Mutate C2 on chain A of the yeast phenylalanine tRNA (PDB entry 6tna) to 5CM:
mutate_bases 'chain=A snum=2 name=C m=5CM' 6tna.pdb 6tna_C2_5CM.pdb
The mutated files
355d_AC1BC23_5CM.pdb and
6tna_C2_5CM.pdb are attached for your verification. For comparison, shown below are the original atomic coordinates of the above tRNA
6tna cytosine and
coordinates of its 5CM mutant in red. Note that the coordinates of the backbone atoms are the same, and coordinates of common base atoms are very close.