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Messages - xiangjun

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1376
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: building a parallel stranded DNA
« on: September 07, 2011, 01:30:51 pm »
Hi,

Thanks for attaching the three PDB files -- they indeed clarify the issues.

Do you know the rationale of the no preserve option? It appears there can be many ways to rotate around the glycosidic bond to orient the base.

Xiang-Jun

1377
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: building a parallel stranded DNA
« on: September 07, 2011, 12:42:16 pm »
Hi Bala,

Quote
1) Firstly i tried by constructing the ps DNA from fiber model 31 but the structure i obtained was nt correct (in the sense the base pairs of chian A and C) were not in proper orientation. So i used the pdb structure as template to carry out mutation.
It seems that [red:27t8jes7]mutate_bases[/red:27t8jes7] serves your needs, right?

For the record, in fiber model #31, chains A and C form a parallel duplex with classic Hoogsteen A-U pairs. 3DNA has no problem in analyzing such structures. See the attached structure for an example:
[attachment=0:27t8jes7]fiber31_Hoogsteen.pdb[/attachment:27t8jes7]
[pre:27t8jes7]****************************************************************************
Structure classification:

This is a parallel duplex structure
****************************************************************************[/pre:27t8jes7]
Quote
2) I am not getting what example you need, in case if it is related to chimera software, you can refer this page. It is freely down loadable.
When you talk about the '[red:27t8jes7]swapna[/red:27t8jes7]' command with '[red:27t8jes7]preserve[/red:27t8jes7]' set to TRUE or FALSE, it would be helpful to be concrete by using examples. More specifically, you start with a structure in PDB format, and try to mutate a base to another one -- you have two results by setting '[red:27t8jes7]preserve[/red:27t8jes7]' to either TRUE or FALSE. If you attach these three PDB files, then things would be much clearer even for those who are not familiar with the UCSF chimera software.

Xiang-Jun

1378
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: 3DNA Cannot find help3dna.dat
« on: September 06, 2011, 09:58:47 pm »
Hi Sean,

It is likely that you've not properly set up 3DNA v2.0. Did you run [red:1nrkjhgd]x3dna_setup[/red:1nrkjhgd] as documented in the 2008 3DNA Nature Protocols paper?

More specifically, what's the output from running the following:
Code: [Select]
echo $X3DNABy default, if the [mono:1nrkjhgd]X3DNA[/mono:1nrkjhgd] environment variable is not set, the program will use [mono:1nrkjhgd]$HOME/X3DNA[/mono:1nrkjhgd]. That explains the error message:
[pre:1nrkjhgd]open_file </home/seanlaw/X3DNA/config/help3dna.dat> failed: No such file or directory[/pre:1nrkjhgd]
HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1379
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: building a parallel stranded DNA
« on: September 06, 2011, 12:02:13 pm »
Hi Subbu,

Quote
Kindly provide me the script 'mutate_base'. I would like to try it. I think adding it in 3DNA package would be a good option.
See my email. As I mentioned several times in the forum, it is users' feedbacks, like yours, that move the 3DNA project forward.

Quote
I would like to share one information on this regard, USCF chimera software has a command called 'swapna' with which we can just replace the base moiety. In addition it has a parameter called 'preserve' with which you can retain the glycosidic angle and position of the nitrogen forming the bond too after replacement.

But it is always better to use a script like yours when we have to do many mutations. In case your script doesnt have preserve option, could you please see if you can incorporate this preserve option in your script. I guess a similar name swap_base would be more suitable for your script.
Thanks for the info. Could you please provide an example of each? The new (ANSI C) program '[red:m67d7hlr]mutate_bases[/red:m67d7hlr]' preserves the base reference frame, and as a side effect, it retains "the glycosidic angle and position of the nitrogen forming the bond" as well.

Quote
Also can you merge all these threads so that others can view all related information in one shot. 1) Problems with mutations on DNA (Feb. 2011) 2) mutating DNA in DNA protein complex (Oct. 2007).
Excellent suggestion. I have long thought of consolidating the various source of information about 3DNA, but unable to get it done due to a lack of resources and time. This will change in the new future, so stay tuned.

Xiang-Jun

1380
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: building a parallel stranded DNA
« on: September 05, 2011, 10:53:45 pm »
Hi Subramanian,

Regarding your two questions on constructing models of parallel stranded (ps) DNA,
Quote
i) if it is possible to construct such a model using 3DNA and
3DNA does not have such a direct option. However, you may try fiber model 31 (or 32 for [red:3ckdzas2]Poly (U) : poly (A) : poly(U)[/red:3ckdzas2]), delete Us in chain B which form Watson-Crick base-pairs with As in chain A, then you get a parallel stranded Poly (U) : poly (A). You can then mutate bases to fit your needs (see below).

Quote
ii) there is an experimental structure of such ps duplex with completely different base composition, is there any way that i can use as am a template in 3DNA to model my structure.

The newly added utility program [red:3ckdzas2]mutate_bases[/red:3ckdzas2] should help. See thread "change one base pair in a double-strand DNA structure file". Please let me know if you want to have access to the program.

I may extend 3DNA's functionality to serve your specific purpose, if necessary; presumably such extension would turn out to be useful to other potential 3DNA users as well.

Xiang-Jun

1381
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: Analyzing ssDNA
« on: August 19, 2011, 09:08:53 pm »
Hi Orn,

Thanks for using 3DNA.

The error message means your ".inp" file does not match your ".pdb" file. Try:
[pre:3dmejz8w]find_pair -s your.pdb stdout[/pre:3dmejz8w]what do you get?

If that does not help solve your puzzle, please provide your ".inp" and ".pdb" files so I can check into the details.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1382
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: 3DNA setup at Linux
« on: August 19, 2011, 09:02:54 pm »
Quote
feixu@homestar:~/X3DNA/bin$ x3dna_setup
x3dna_setup: command not found
Try "[mono:4e0k1qpw][red:4e0k1qpw]./x3dna_setup[/red:4e0k1qpw][/mono:4e0k1qpw]". It appears that you do not have "[mono:4e0k1qpw]./[/mono:4e0k1qpw]" (your current directory) in your command search path.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1383
Thanks for following the instructions in post "How to download 3DNA v2.0?". At this summer time, Dr. Olson may be at a meeting or on vocation. It helps to send her a follow up message, and hopefully the problem will be solved soon.

Xiang-Jun

[hr:1tj7d3n5][/hr:1tj7d3n5]PS: If things go well, future releases of 3DNA would be more easily accessible, and with 'formal' support.

1384
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: More than one helical region
« on: July 25, 2011, 09:14:48 pm »
Hi Søren,

I do not quite get what you mean. The "information about the origin (Ox, Oy, Oz) and the normal vector (Nx, Ny, Nz)" is not intended for rebuilding purpose, but for quantifying DNA curvature following Dickerson (FreeHelix, and related publications). The output file 'ref_frames.dat' contains all base pair reference frames in the original coordinate system. File 'bp_step.par' is used for rebuilding purpose, which should give an exact relative bp geometry, even with more than one helical fragment.

Or do you miss the "-c" option of "analyze"? Type [mono:12seu325]analyze -h[/mono:12seu325] for more info.

Please clarify.

Xiang-Jun

1385
Hi Pooja,

Thanks for using 3DNA and writing such a thoughtful post. I think I understand your question, even though I do not have (or know of) a straight answer to it.

As you tried out, '[mono:1hmzqauk]rebuild[/mono:1hmzqauk]' with the [mono:1hmzqauk]-atomic[/mono:1hmzqauk] option does not generate proper sugar-phosphate backbone geometry for intercalated dinucleotide steps. Meanwhile, the available "complexes deposited in PDB are limited to hexanucleotide sequence and mostly the ligand intercalated in the terminal dinucleotide step." However, by combining the two, plus other utilities in 3DNA, it'd be possible to achieve approximately what you want.

You could start with a PDB complex with an intercalated dinucleotide step and then extend both ends with desired sequence in B-DNA fiber conformation. The intercalated dinucleotide can then be mutated to whatever bases you like, using [red:1hmzqauk]mutate_bp[/red:1hmzqauk] or [red:1hmzqauk]mutate_bases[/red:1hmzqauk] (see my reply to "change one base pair in a double-strand DNA structure file").

Surely, this is not an automatic process; there is no GUI-driven menu and mouse clicks to achieve 'magic'  -- you have to know what to do for each step. However, if you cannot find a better method elsewhere, 3DNA may prove useful. Please share your experience and thought. If you decide to try the 3DNA route, please provide a specific example.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1386
Quote
it removes the bond between 5' phosphate and the 3' OH between all the nucleotides, why has this happened and also can I fix it?
I do not get it. Please be specific, using a concrete example to illustrate your problem.

Quote
Although I am still wondering about the secondary structures, I have a number of RNA sequences (18' to 21' mers) all of which have different secondary structures according to QuickFold (http://mfold.rna.albany.edu/?q=DINAMelt/Quickfold) and am just interested to know whether it is possible with x3dna.
3DNA do not predict RNA secondary structures -- there are quite a few existing methods out there already. Given a 2nd structure, I am not aware of an automatic way to convert it into 3-dimensional coordinates; 3DNA certainly does not have such functionality. In the current issue of Nucleic Acids Research (Volume39, Issue10), there is an article titled "ModeRNA: a tool for comparative modeling of RNA 3D structure" for  comparative modeling of 3D RNA structures. You may find useful information in it.

I do believe 3DNA has the facilities/potential for RNA 3D structure modeling. If you provide details as to what you want to achieve, what you've tried and the problems you still have, I may be able to help in a more concrete way.

Xiang-Jun

1387
Hi Henry,

Thanks for using 3DNA. I fully understand how frustrated it could be to get a new software system up and running, and you are welcome to ask any 3DNA-related questions in the forum.

The Ruby scripts may be useful if you are using AMBER for MD simulations. For building general sequence single strand RNA structures, the recent post "building a ssDNA" may help. Run also "fiber -m" to see all available fiber RNA models.

Regarding the specific problem you have with running the Ruby script '[mono:1bnxcgla][red:1bnxcgla]x3dna_md.rb[/red:1bnxcgla][/mono:1bnxcgla]':
[pre:1bnxcgla]3DNA settings error: can't execute C:/MinGW/msys/1.0/home/bshcf/X3DNA/bin/analyze[/pre:1bnxcgla]
It is likely due to line #425:
[pre:1bnxcgla]fatal("3DNA setting error: can't execute #{x}") unless File.executable?("#{x}")[/pre:1bnxcgla]
change it to (i.e., by adding [mono:1bnxcgla][red:1bnxcgla].exe[/red:1bnxcgla][/mono:1bnxcgla] at the end since you are using MinGW)
[pre:1bnxcgla]fatal("3DNA setting error: can't execute #{x}") unless File.executable?("#{x}[red:1bnxcgla].exe[/red:1bnxcgla]")[/pre:1bnxcgla]
Have a try, and report back how it goes.

Generally speaking, the best way to get started with 3DNA is by reading the 2008 3DNA Nature Protocols paper, and working out the recipes.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun
[hr:1bnxcgla][/hr:1bnxcgla]
Since this thread is becoming too long, please start a new one with a specific Subject line.

1388
Hi all,

I have finally made the programs ready for distribution. There are actually two variants as detailed below for mutating bases in a nucleic acid structure while keeping the sugar-phosphate backbone untouched. Both the mutate_bp Perl script for base-pair mutations and the more generic/efficient/robust ANSI C program mutate_bases possess the neat and indeed unique feature, i.e., the mutated structures share the same base-pair/step parameters as the original structure.

  • mutate_bp is a Perl script I first wrote a couple of years ago. Its usage is as follows:
    mutate_bp -m=bpNUM_BP input.pdb output.pdb

    The mutation string must be in the format of 'bpNUM_BP' where NUM is
        an integer for the base-pair to be mutated (check 'find_pair'),
        and BP is the desired base-pair. BP must be two letters from the
        set ACGTU; e.g. AT/TA/AU/UA/GC/CG for Watson-Crick pairs. Case
        does not matter (i.e., 'at' is the same as 'AT').

    e.g. mutate_bp -m=bp2_at 355d.pdb 355d_bp2at.pdb
           # mutate the second base-pair, G-C, to A-T in PDB entry 355d

    This script presumably should fulfill Chien-Ho's need, "change one base pair in a double-strand DNA structure file", as well as the two previous similar requests on this topic. Technically, the script makes (system) calls of various 3DNA (v2.0) programs (e.g., find_pair, analyze, rebuild, frame_mol etc.), and basically follows the procedures I outlined in response to "mutating DNA in DNA protein complex" (Oct. 2007).

    The mutate_bp Perl script is directly available for download. Simple save it to your $X3DNA/bin directory, and make sure it is executable (run chmod a+x mutate_bp if necessary). Interested users are encouraged to explore the source code and make changes as they see fit.


  • mutate_bases is a standalone ANSI C program, on a par with other major 3DNA programs (e.g., find_pair, analyze, rebuild, fiber etc). As seen from the help message below, it can be used for any nucleic-acid-containing structures (DNA, RNA, or their complexes, in PDB format):
    Usage: mutate_bases mutinfo pdbfile outfile
       'mutinfo' can contain upto 5 fields for each mutation:
           [name=residue_name] [icode=insertion_code]
           chain=chain_id seqnum=residue_number
           mutation=residue_name
       o The five fields per mutation can be in any order or CaSe
       o Each field can be abbreviated to its first character
       o Multiple mutations are separated by ';'
       o Fields in [] (i.e., name and icode) are optional
       o Mutation info should be QUOTED to be taken as one entry

    Examples:
        mutate_bases 'c=a s=2 m=DA' 355d.pdb 355d_G2A.pdb
       # mutate G2 in chain A of B-DNA 355d to A
        mutate_bases 'c=a s=2 m=DA; c=B s=23 m=DT' 355d.pdb 355d_GC2AT.pdb
       # mutate base-pair G-C (C23 in chain B) to A-T
        mutate_bases 'c=A s=74 m=U' 1evv.pdb 1evv_C74U.pdb
       # mutate C74 in chain A of tRNA 1evv to U

    mutate_bases is designed to solve the base mutation problem in a practical sense: robust and efficient, getting its job done and then out of the way. The program can have many possible applications: in addition to perform base-pair mutations in DNA-protein complexes as mutate_bp does, mutate_bases should prove handy in providing initial structures for QM/MM/MD energy calculations, and in RNA modeling studies.

    While mutate_bases is now fully functional, it is not intended for general release yet. Interested users should contact me directly for access to the program (Linux, Mac OSX Intel, and MinGW-MSYS binary versions only; 3DNA v2.0 required).

As always, I welcome users feedback; any questions and comments should be posted in this forum.

Xiang-Jun

1389
Quote from: Chien-Ho
Although the two topics in this forum could be well solutions of my problem, I still want to try the component "mutate_bases" for more experiments. Could you share the component with me please? The OS of my working server is Linux and my 3DNA is version 1.5.
Please upgrade your 3DNA to v2.0, by following "How to download 3DNA v2.0?". The program "mutate_bases" needs 3DNA v2.0 to run. For outside use, I am planning to clean up the code and test it further. Stay tuned ... hopefully I will be able to get the job done by early June.

Xiang-Jun

1390
Hi Chien-Ho,

Thanks for using 3DNA, and for posting at this forum.

The question on mutating a DNA base (or base-pair) while keeping the backbone untouched has showed up a couple of time in this forum:
Follow the info there, and hopefully, your problem can be solved.


On the other hand, I have added a new component to 3DNA, named "mutate_bases" that does exactly this job. Moreover, it can be applied to RNA structures as well. The program is written in ASNI C, and is commandline-driven, as other major 3DNA components. It has been used internally for a while, and works as designed. If you or others would like to have a try, please post back here. Let me know what OS you use. I will consider to make "mutate_bases" partially available for 'testing' purpose before I include it in a later major 3DNA release (no date specified).

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1391
Hi Søren,

Thanks for your 3 posts, and I wish I could have been able to get back to you earlier. However, w3DNA is out of my reach: I am not that familiar with the internal details of w3DNA, no access to the server, no time to devote to it (unfortunately).

3DNA itself does not have "default" bp step parameter values for rebuilding. The "B-DNA (generic)" option you mentioned may refer to the fiber models. To verify, run "[mono:3nnrwi6s]fiber[/mono:3nnrwi6s]" to generate a B-DNA (default) model, and then "[mono:3nnrwi6s]analyze[/mono:3nnrwi6s]" it to see the parameters involved. Moreover, 3DNA does not have a compilation of various bending models (as SCHNArP does), so any comparison with other parameter sets may not be meaningful.

Xiang-Jun

1392
Hi Mithun,

The following info may help:

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1393
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: Phi-angle problem?
« on: May 02, 2011, 09:38:24 pm »
Hi Søren,

Thanks for your interest in SCHNAaP/SCHNArP and 3DNA. I am impressed by your diligence in digging into the bottom of seemingly trivial details; in my experience, they are what count the most.

Regarding the definition of the phi-angle, reading El Hassan and Calladine's original JMB paper, and my SCHNAaP/SCHNArP JMB publications would certainly help. However, they are no substitutes of going through a worked example -- that's exactly what I put into Section #5 of the 3DNA user's manual (http://3dna.rutgers.edu:8080/3DNA_v1.5/x3dna.pdf). In 3DNA v2.0 distribution, I extracted that section into a separate file named "tech_details.pdf". For any serious 3DNA users, I strongly suggest them to work through it carefully in order to understand each step thoroughly. If you want to see my SCHNAaP/SCHNArP implementation in ANSI C, please let me know.

I am glad that you "found the problem". Regarding "a typo in the SCHNArP paper equation 21" that confused you, I agree that there is indeed a typo -- thank for bring this issue to me attention:
[pre:2wbo9dyp]T^g_{i+1} = [red:2wbo9dyp]T^T_i[/red:2wbo9dyp] * T^i_{i+1}   -- (21) from the SCHNArP paper
should be
T^g_{i+1} = [red:2wbo9dyp]T^g_i[/red:2wbo9dyp] * T^i_{i+1}[/pre:2wbo9dyp]
 I.e., the [red:2wbo9dyp]red[/red:2wbo9dyp] term should have a superscript [red:2wbo9dyp]g[/red:2wbo9dyp] instead of [red:2wbo9dyp]T[/red:2wbo9dyp]. Note that two terms following the equal sign is the correct order.

There are many subtle details that must be properly accounted for in order to get the correct result. Note that the equations may be derived alternatively in a mathematically equivalent form; this may explain why you have to swap the two right hand terms in equation 21 to solve your puzzle.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1394
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: Rebuild DNA from C trace
« on: April 20, 2011, 08:51:14 pm »
Dear Damien,

Thanks so much for sharing your story, and I am glad to know that your problem has been solved with  YASARA. I heard of YASARA before, but did not know that it can be used to build a whole DNA structure with only C trace.

Your question inspired me to think a bit more about the DNA modeling issue starting from a partial C or P trace. I sense the solution must be approximate, and not unique. If I have the luxury to devote more effort to 3DNA than my spare time could afford, I may come up with a geometry-based command-line-driven tool. Of course, if YASARA has solved this problem well enough, why bother to recreate the wheel.

Good luck with your project.

Xiang-Jun

1395
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: Rebuild DNA from C trace
« on: April 15, 2011, 07:08:48 pm »
Hi Damien,

Thanks for posting at the 3DNA forum. Unfortunately, 3DNA (in its current version) cannot rebuild a whole DNA structure from only C4 trace. Off the top of my head, I am not sure of another tool that can perform the task either :oops:. You may have a look of NAB from David Case's lab.

Hope you would post back how it goes, possibly with more background information. Whenever possible, I am always interested in improving 3DNA in ways that make sense to me and helpful to the community.

Xiang-Jun

1396
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: building a ssDNA
« on: April 10, 2011, 12:31:42 pm »
Quote from: "kista"
But this dna doesn't have asymmetric ends, while I need to cap it with 5' and 3'. Can you guide me how do make the ends 5', and 3'?
What do you mean "DNA capped with 5' and 3' ends"? Please be specific, illustrated with examples.

Do you see such caps with DNA structures downloaded from PDB/NDB?

Again, I sense this concept may be more related to the requirements of your MD simulations than to 3DNA.

Xiang-Jun

1397
MD simulations / Re: Ruby scripts / where is output file?
« on: April 08, 2011, 07:56:14 pm »
Did you read my reply dated Apr 02? Do you know that the Ruby scripts are built on top of 3DNA -- i.e. you should already have a valid 3DNA (preferably v2.0) installed? When you said that "unfortunately in my output file (my.out) the value of parameter relating to every base pair is the same during trajectory", did you bother to check which base-pair is being repeated, and wondering why that bp specifically, not another one? Without being able to reproducing your problem, I really cannot offer you any concrete suggestion. Please ask a local expert (in Unix) for help. In any event, you have full access to the Ruby scripts to dig to the bottom of the problem.

Also as suggested in my previous reply (Apr 02), please update to the current version [red:3pnrsf1p]v0.5[/red:3pnrsf1p], follow carefully the instructions in the [red:3pnrsf1p]README[/red:3pnrsf1p] file, and report back explicitly what happens. The v0.5 scripts are designed to check more vigorously their prerequisites and complain loudly if the requirements are not met.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1398
General discussions (Q&As) / Re: building a ssDNA
« on: April 08, 2011, 07:39:46 pm »
Hi Majid,

Glad to see that with 3DNA v2.0, you can now create single stranded DNA. Regarding the topology file and the error message you referred to, they clearly have nothing to do with 3DNA; I sense they may be related to the Gromacs molecular dynamics package you referred to in your first message of the thread.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

1399
Quote from: "zhangzf"
Hi, I am analyzing a protein-DNA complex in which DNA is severely curved. The protein could constrain negative DNA supercoils in vitro and I am trying to find some clues to the structural basis of DNA supercoiling from the parameters of DNA calculated by 3dna (listed as following).

Is it possible to infer whether the supercoils come from DNA unwinding or writhing (e.g., the DNA fragment in nucleosome) from these parameters? If so, how to make it?
Thanks for using 3DNA. Your question "How to determine DNA topology form parameters" seems to be beyond the scope of 3DNA (at least in its current versions). In my understanding, DNA topology is at a "higher" level than can be directly accounted for by the base-pair and dinucleotide structural parameters calculated by 3DNA.

Quote from: "zhangzf"
And the DNA has an average h-twist value of 35.29 and thus a h=(360/35.29)=10.20 bp/turn. Does it means that the DNA is over-twisted, since h is less than 10.5 bp/turn?
I would be very cautious in trying to draw any firm conclusion from such a subtle difference in helical twist. For one thing, the widely cited empirical value of 10.5 bp/turn is based on (presumably) B-form DNA in solution. The DNA in your protein-DNA complex is only 8-bp long and is severely curved.

Since you [red:3v097b1n]highlighted in red of twist and h-twist[/red:3v097b1n] in the enclosed 3DNA output file, I think the following two threads in the forum may help clarify confusions 3DNA users often have with the two and other related parameters:
In connection with DNA supercoiling, there is yet another twist in the twist parameter: please see "Two perspectives on the twist of DNA." by Britton, Olson & Tobias (J Chem Phys. 2009 Dec 28;131(24):245101).

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

[hr:3v097b1n][/hr:3v097b1n]PS: To the extent 3DNA may be useful to you, please consider to update your copy to 3DNA v2.0 -- it is simply a better version than v1.5!

1400
Hi Alpay,

Glad to hear your verification that "the scripts are working nicely". I am well aware of the memory issue you raised. By design, the scripts currently process each and every snapshot of an MD simulation and collect all the parameters along the way. As to how many snapshots can be handled, the answer would obviously depend on computer memory and the size (i.e. no. of bps) of a snapshot. I would imagine the scripts should work well for an MD simulation with 50k snapshots,12 bps each, in a computer with say 4GB memory. As an estimation, the output parameters file for the sample 12 bps/20 snapshots takes 76,926 bytes. With 50k snapshots, the space taken would be  (76,926 / 20) * 50000 = 192,300,000 bytes, which is ~183 MB.

HTH,

Xiang-Jun

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Funded by the NIH R24GM153869 grant on X3DNA-DSSR, an NIGMS National Resource for Structural Bioinformatics of Nucleic Acids

Created and maintained by Dr. Xiang-Jun Lu, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University